The poet Paul Laurence Dunbar (1872-1906) was the premier Black writer of poetry that used the dialect of rural African Americans of the southern United States. Although Dunbar's works were both popular with readers and acclaimed by literary critics during his lifetime, after the First World War a radical shift occurred, at least in critical opinion of his poetry, and twentieth-century critical evaluation of his work has been generally negative. Some critics attacked his work on social grounds for failing to challenge plantation stereotypes of African Americans. Other critics, such as the poet James Weldon Johnson, argued from aesthetic grounds that dialect poetry in general was too limited as an artistic medium, and capable of producing only two effects: pathos and humor. The negative critical trend only began to reverse itself in the
1970s, when scholars began to emphasize the importance of mythic, psychological, and historical dimensions of Dunbar's works, focusing on the interior and exterior realities of African American life after the Civil War.
Which of the following general criticisms of dialect poetry is mentioned in the passage?

• A. Dialect poetry fails to represent mythic, psychological, and historical dimensions of experience.
• B. The use of dialect in poetry tends to perpetuate plantation stereotypes of African Americans.
• C. Dialect poetry is highly limited in the number of artistic effects it can produce.
• D. Dialect poetry too often uses only the dialect of African Americans living in rural areas of the southern United States.
• E. Dialect poetry has only a limited degree of popular appeal

The snow-covered surface of the lake presents a reassuring illusion of________. but beneath the snow the ice is riven with treacherous cracks.

• A. seclusion
• B. substantially
• C. protection
• D. uniformity
• E. soundness
• F. isolation

Many shipwrecks dating from the period between A.D. 300 and 600 have been discovered in the Remain Sea.
Well over half of those ships were carrying cargo stored in large ceramic jars, many of which were preserved largely intact on the ocean floor. During that period, such jars carried only liquid. Therefore, liquid cargo was probably carried by a majority of the cargo ships that navigated the Ramian Sea during that period.
The force of the evidence cited in the passage is most seriously weakened if which of the following is true?

• A. There are no surviving records dating from the period that detail specific cargoes shipped across the Ramian Sea.
• B. The ratio of liquid to solid cargo shipped across the Ramian Sea did not vary significantly over the period.
• C. During the period, grain and other solid cargo was shipped across the Ramian Sea in containers made from material other than clay.
• D. The presence of a sizable quantity of large ceramic jars on the ocean floor is so visually striking that a shipwreck of a ship carrying such jars is more likely to be noticed and reported than are shipwrecks of ships carrying other cargoes.
• E. For ships on the Ramian Sea during the period, a full load of liquid cargo stored in large ceramic jars was not likely to be significantly heavier than a full load of other kinds of cargo that were typical of the period.

Exhibit.

• A. The relationship cannot be determined from the information given.
• B. Quantity B is greater.
• C. The two quantities are equal
• D. Quantity A is greater.